SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

 

&

 

SYLLABUS FOR INTEGRATED


B.Tech. & M.Tech. in


Biotechnology

 

YEAR 2000 ONWARDS

 

 

GGS INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY


KASHMERE GATE


DELHI - 110 006

 

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION FOR MASTER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

L          T          P          S          Credits            Hours

                                                            15       5           12        0           26                   32

 

FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION

 


Code No.                                                                                                  L        T/P    Credits         

 


THEORY PAPERS

 

BA-121         Foundation course in Physico-Inorganic Chemistry - I

BA-123         Foundation course in Physics-I

BA-113         Life Sciences – I

BA-109         Mathematics - I

BT-115         Concepts in  Biotechnology

IT- 105         Introduction to Computers

Practical/Viva-voce :

BA-155         Chemistry - I  Lab.

BA-153          Physics - I  Lab.

BA-159         Life Sciences Lab - I

BT-161         Biotechnology Lab.

IT -155         Computer Lab.

IT -157         Engineering Graphics - I Lab.

 

 2

 2

 3

 3

 2

 3

 

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

  0

 

  2

  2

  2

  2

  2

  2

  3

  3

  4

  4

  3

  3

 

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

 

                                       TOTAL

 

15

 

5/12

 

  26

 

 

SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATION

L          T          P          S          Credits            Hours

                                                                        16       6           10        0          27                    32

 


Code No.                                                                                                  L        T/P       Credits      

 


THEORY PAPERS

 

BA-128         Foundation Course in Physics-II

BA-108         Mathematics-II

BA-132         Foundation Course in Organic Chemistry-II

BA-122         Life Sciences II

BT-124         Cell & Developmental Biology -I

IT -120         Electrical Science

Practical/Viva-voce :

BA-156          Physics - II Lab.

BA-166          Chemistry - II Lab.

BA-168          Life Sciences - II Lab.

BT-164          Cell & Developmental Biology Lab. - I

IT -166          Electrical Science Lab.

 

  2

  3

  2

  3

  3

  3

 

  0

  0

  0

  0

  0

   1

   1

   1

   1

   1

   1

 

  2

  2

  2

  2

  2

      3

      4

      3

      4

      4

      4

 

      1

      1

      1

      1

      1

 

                                       TOTAL

 

 16

 

 6/10

 

       27

THIRD SEMESTER EXAMINATION

 

L          T          P          S          Credits            Hours

                                                                        13        5          14        0          26                    32

 

 


Code No.                                                                                                  L          T/P       Credits

 

THEORY PAPERS

 

BT-201         Microbes

BA-203         Bioenergetics - I

BT-205         Cell & Developmental Biology - II

BT-209         Genetics

CT-211         Chemical Engineering-I

Practical/Viva-voce:

BT-251        Microbiology Lab.

BA-253        Bioenergetics - I Lab.

BT-255        Genetics Laboratory

BT-257        Cell & Developmental Biology - II  Lab.

 

 2

 3

 3

 2

 3

 

 0

 0

 0

 0

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

 

  4

  3

  4

  3 

  3

  4

  4

  3

  4

 

  2

  2

  2

  2

 

                           TOTAL

 

 13

 

  5/14

 

   26

 

FOURTH SEMESTER EXAMINATION

 

L          T          P          S          Credits            Hours

                                                                        14       5          13        0          26                    32

 

 

 


Code No.                                                                                                    L       T/P        Credits    

 

 


THEORY PAPERS

 

BT-202         Immunology

BT-204         Molecular Biology

BT-206         Enzyme Technology

BA-208         Bioenergetics - II

CT-212         Chemical Engineering-II

 

Practical/Viva-voce:

BT-254        Molecular Biology Lab.

BT-256        Enzyme Technology Lab.

BA-258        Bioenergetics - II Lab.

BT-258        Microbial Processing Engineering Lab.

 2

 3

 3

 3

 3

 

 

 0

 0

 0

 0

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

 

 

  4

  4

  3

  4

  3

  4

  4

  4

  4

 

 

  2

  2

  2

  2

 

                           TOTAL

 

14

 

 5/15

 

 27

 

FIFTH SEMESTER EXAMINATION

 

L          T          P          S          Credits            Hours

                        12       5          12       0          25                    30

 


Code No.                                                                                                   L         T/P       Credits    

 


THEORY PAPERS

 

BT-301         Plant Tissue Culture

BT-303         Microbial Processing Engineering

BT-305         Animal Biotechnology

BT-307         Recombinant DNA Technology & Application

BT-309         Biotransformations and Biocatalysts

 

Practical/Viva-voce:

BT-351        Plant tissue Culture Lab.

CT-361        Chemical Engineering Lab.

BT-355        Animal tissue Culture Lab.

BT-357        R. DNA Tech. & Appl. Lab.

 

 2

 3

 3

 2

 2

 

 

 0

 0

 0

 0

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

 

 

  3

  3

  3

  3

  3

  4

  4

  3

  3

 

 

  2

  2

  2

  2

 

                           TOTAL

 

12

 

  5/12

 

 25

 

SIXTH SEMESTER EXAMINATION

 

L          T          P          S          Credits            Hours

                                                                        12        5          12        0          25                    30

 


Code No.                                                                                                  L        T/P         Credits    

 


THEORY PAPERS

 

BT-302         Bioinformatics

BT-304         Food Biotechnology

BT-306         Agricultural Biotechnology

BT-308         Down Stream Processing

BT-310         Biosensors

BT-312         Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology

                     (Elective for CT Students)

Practical/Viva-voce:

BT-352        Bioinformatics  Lab.

BT-354        Food Biotechnology Lab.

BT-356        Agricultural Biotechnology Lab.

BT-358        Downstream Processing

 3

 2

 2

 3

 2

 2

 

 0

 0

 0

 0

 

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

 

  3

  3

  3

  3

 

  4

  3

  3

  4

  3

  3

 

  2

  2

  2

  2

 

                           TOTAL

 

12

 

  5/12

 

 25

 

SEVENTH SEMESTER EXAMINATION

 

L          T          P          S          Credits            Hours

                                                                        13       5          12       0          25                    30

 

 


Code No.                                                                                                   L       T/P       Credits      

 


THEORY PAPERS

 

BT-401         Stem Cells in Health Care

BT-403         Environmental Biotechnology

BT-405         Bioanalytical Chemistry

BT-407         Commercialization, Marketing and

                      Management of Biotechnological Products

HS-409         Writing Skills for Technical Purposes

Practical/Viva-voce:

BT-451        Stem Cells Lab.

BT-453        Environmental Biotechnology Lab.

BT-455        Field Trips/ Case studies Lab.

 

 3

 2

 2

 3

 

 3

 

 0

 0

 0

 

  1

  1

  1

  1

 

  1

 

  3

  2

  7

  

  4

  3

  3

  4

 

  4

 

  2

  1

  4

 

 

                           TOTAL

 

13

 

  5/12

 

 25

 

 

EIGHTH SEMESTER EXAMINATION

 

L          T          P          S          Credits            Hours

                                                                         9        3          18        0         30                    30

 


Code No.                                                                                                    L       T/P       Credits     

 


THEORY PAPERS

 

BT-402         Industrial Biotechnology

BT-404         Intelectual Property Rights in Biotechnology

BT-406         Diagnostic Techniques

BT-408         Biosafety & Bioethics

 

Practical/Viva-voce :

BT-450         Project Work

 

  3

  2

  2

  2

 

 

  0

 

 

  1

  1

  1

  0

 

 

18

 

 

 

 

     4

     3

     3

     2

 

  

  18

 

 

 

c

 

                                       TOTAL

 

  9

 

  3/18

 

     30

 

FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION

 

L          T          P          S          Credits            Hours

                                                                                15       5           12        0           26                   32

 

 

BA-121           FOUNDATION COURSE IN PHYSICO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - I

 

1.                  Chemical Bonding: Ionic bond ; energy changes, lattice energy Born Haber Cycle, Covalent bond-energy changes, Potential energy curve for H2  Molecule, characteristics of covalent compound, co-ordinate bond - Werner's Theory, effective atomic numbers, isomerism in coordinate compounds.  Hydrogen bonding, Vander Waal's forces, hybridisation and resonance, Valance Shell Electron Repulsion theory (VSEPR).  Discussion of structures of H2O, NH3, SiF4.  Molecular orbital theory, Linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method.  Structure of simple homo nuclear diatomic molecule like H2, N2, O2, F2.

 

2.                  Thermochemistry: Hess's Law, heat of a reaction, effect of temperature on heat of reaction, at constant pressure (Kirchoff's Equation) heat of dilution, heat of hydration, heat of neutralization and heat of combustion, Flame temperature.

 

3.                  Reaction Kinetics: Significance of rate law and rate equations, order and molecularity, Determinations of order of simple reactions-experimental method, Equilibrium constant and reaction rates-Lindemann, collision and activated complex theories, complex reactions of Ist order characterstics of consecutive, reversible and parallel reactions-Steady state and non-steady state approach.

 

4.                  Catalysis: Criteria for Catalysis - Homogeneous Catalysis, acid-base, Enzymatic catalysis, Catalysis by metal salts, Heterogeneous catalysis - concepts of promoters, inhibitors and poisoning, Physiosorption, Chemisorption, Surface area, Industrially important process.  Theories of Catalysis.

 

5.                  Polymers: Basic concepts & Terminology, such as monomers, Polymers, Functionality, Thermoplastics, Thermosets Linear, Branched, cross linked polymers etc.  different definitions of molecular weight viz., Mw, Mn, Mv and then determinations, Industrial applications of polymers, Addition, condensation and Ionic polymerization's, solutions of polymers, good solvents, & bad solvent, solubility parameter, solutions viscosity and determination of intrinsic viscosity.

 

6.                  Colloids: Collidal state, classification of colloidal solution, true solution, colloidal solution and suspensions, preparation of sol, Purification of colloidal solutions, General properites and optical properites, stability of colloids, coagulation of lyphobic sols, electrical properties of sols, kinetic properties of colloids:- Brownion movement, size of colloidal particle, emulsions, gels, colloidal electrolytes and applications of colloids.

 

Text / Reference Books
 

1.                  Inorganic Chemistry by J.D. Lee.

2.                  Physical Chemistry by Lewis.

 

BA-123           FOUNDATION COURSE IN PHYSICS - I

 

I. OPTICS.  INTERFERENCE:

Coherence and coherent sources, Interference by division of wavefront (Young's double slit experiment, Fresnels' biprism), Interference by division of amplitude (Thin films, Newton's rings,Michelson's Interferrometer,Fabry Perot Interferrometer

 

DIFFRACTION:

(Fresnel and Fraunhoffer types of diffraction) Fraunhofer diffraction: Single slit, double slit, circular aperture and N-slit. Diffraction grating - wavelength determination, resolving power and dispersive power. Resolving power of optical instruments – Rayleigh criterion. Fresnel Diffraction: zone plate, circular aperture, opaque circular disc, narrow slit.

 

POLARIZATION:

Types of polarization, elliptically and circularly polarized light Brewster's law, Malu's law, Nicol prism, double refraction, quarter-wave and half-wave plates, optical activity, specific rotation,Laurent half-shade polarimeter.

                                                                  

II. LASERS AND FIBRE OPTICS

LASERS:

Introduction, Coherence, Einstein A and B coefficients, population inversion, Basic principle and operation of a laser,  Types of lasers, He-Ne laser, Ruby laser, semi-conductor laser, holography - theory and applications

                           

FIBRE OPTICS:

Introduction to Optical fibre, Types of optical fibres and their characteristics, (Attenuation and Dispersion) step index and graded index fibres, principle of fibre optic communication- total internal reflection, Numerical aperture, Fibre optical communication network- its advantages. Fibre optic sensors (qualitative)

 

III. MODERN PHYSICS

                                                                      

NATURE OF LIGHT AND MATTER:

Particle nature of radiation- The Photoelectric effect, Compton effect.  X-rays (continuous and characteristic), x-ray diffrcation- Bragg's law. The origin of quantum theory- Planck's hypothesis, the wave nature of matter- wave-particle duality, matter waves (de Broglie hypothesis). Basic postulates of quantum mechanics - the wave function - its physical interpretation, the Schrodinger equation.

The electromagnetic spectrum, Sources of light, emission and absorption spectra, Brief introduction to spectroscopy (optical, magnetic resonance).

 

Text / Reference Books
 

1.                  Modern Physics by A. Beiser.

2.                  Optics by A.K. Ghetak.

3.                  Modern Physics by Hallday & Resvik.

4.                  Introduction to Physical Optics by Jenkin & White.

BA-113           LIFE SCIENCES - I

 

1.      Origin of Life : History of earth, theories of origin of life nature of the earliest organism.

 

2.      Varieties of life : Classification, Five kingdoms, viruses (TMV, HIV, Bacteriophage), Prokaryote (Bacteria-cell structure, nutrition, reproduction), Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

 

3.      Chemicals of life : (Biomolecules)- Carbohydrates lipids, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, identification of biomolecules in tissues.

 

4.      Cell : The cell concept, structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, plant cells and animal cells, cell membrances, cell organelles and their function.  Structure and use of compound microscope.

 

5.      Histology: Meristems (apical, intercalary, lateral) and their function; simple tissue (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma); Complex tissue (xylem and phloem); Tissue systems (epidermal, ground, vascular); primary body and growth (root, stem, leaf); Secondary growth.

Animal Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue and their function in body.

 

6.      Nutrition:  Autotrophic (Photosynthesis) Pigment systems, Chloroplast, light absorption by chlorophyll and transfer of energy, two pigment systems, photosynthetic unit, phosphorylation and electron transport system, Calvin-Benson Cycle (C3), Hatch Slack Pathway (C4), Crassulacan Acid Metabolism (CAM), factors affecting photosynthesis; Mineral Nutrition in plants.

Heterotrophic - Forms of heterotrophic nutrition, elementary canal in humans, nervous and hormonal control of digestive systems, fate of absorbed food materials; Nutrition in humans, Reference values.

 

7.      Energy Utilization: (Respiration) - Structure of mitochondria, cellular respiration, relationship of carbohydrate metabolism to other compounds, Glycolysis, fermentation, formation of acetyl co-A, Kreb cycle, Electron Transport System and Oxidative Phosphorylation, ATP, factors affecting respiration.

 

8.      Transport: Plant water relationships, properties of water, diffusion, osmosis, imbibition, movement of water in flowering plants, uptake of water by roots, the ascent of water in xylem, apoplast symplast theory, Transpiration-structure of leaf and stomata in plants opening and closing mechanisim of stomata factors affecting transpiration, significance of transpiration General characteristics of blood vascular system, development of blood systems in animals, Composition of blood, circulation in blood vessels, formation of tissue fluids, the heart, functions of mammalian blood, the immune system.

 
BA-109           MATHEMATICS - I

 

I(a)      Calculus of Functions of One Variable

Successive Differentiation, Leibnitz’s theorem (without proof). Lagrange’s Theorem, Cauchy mean value theorem ,Taylor’s theorem (without proof), Remainder Term, Asymptotes, Curvature, Curve Tracing

Infinite Series : Convergence, divergence, Comparison test, Ratio test, Cauchy’s nth root test test, Leibnitz’s test (without proof), Absolute and Conditional Convergence. Taylor and Meclaurin series, Power series, Radius of convergence

Integral Calculus : Reduction Formulae of trignometric functions, Properties of definite Integral, Applications to length, area, volume, surface of revolution, Definition of  improper integrals, Beta-Gamma functions.                                                                                          

I(b)      Calculus of Functions of Several Variables :

Partial derivatives, Chain rule, Differentiation of Implicit functions, Exact differentials. Maxima, Minima and Saddle points. Method of Lagrange multipliers.  Differentiation under integral sign. Jacobians and transformations of coordinates. Double and Triple integrals. Simple applications to areas, volumes etc

II         Vector Calculus :

Scalar and vector fields. Curves, Arc length, Tangent, normal,  Directional Derivative,  Gradient of scalar field, divergence and curl of a vector field. Line integrals (independent of path), Green’s theorem, Divergence theorem and Stoke’s theorem (without proofs ), Surface Integrals.

 

Text / Reference Books
 
1.                  G.B. Thomas and R.L. Finney, “Calculus and Analytic Geometry”, 6th edition, Addision Wesley/Narosa, 1985.

2.                  Shanti Narayan, “Differential Calculus”, S. Chand & Co.

3.                  Shanti Narayan, “Integral Calculus”, S.Chand & Co.

4.                  Grewal B.S., “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, Khanna Publication.

5.                  E. Kreyszig, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, 5th Edition, Wiley Eastern, 1985.

6.                  Murray R. Spiegel, Theory and Problems of Vectors Analysis”, Schaum’s Outline Series, Mc Graw Hill Ed.

7.                  S.C. Malik, “Mathematical Analysis” Wiley Eastern Ltd.

8.                  “Advanced Calculus”, Schaum’s Outline Series, Mc Graw Hill Ed.

9.                  Widder, “Advanced Calculus.
BT-115            CONCEPTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

 

1.      What is Biotechnology, Biotechnology-an interdisciplinary pursuit, a three component central core, product safety, public perception of Biotechnology, Biotechnology and the developing world.

 

2.      Substrate For Biotechnology :  Biomass strategy, natural raw materials, availability of bioproducts, chemical and petrochemical feed stocks, raw materials and future of Biotechnology.

 

3.      Genetics And Biotechnology : Introduction, industrial genetics, protoplast and cell fusion technologies, genetic engineering, potential lab biohazards of genetic engineering, PCR.

 

4.      Bioprocess And Fermentation Technology : Introduction, principals of microbial growth, the bioreactors / fermentor, scale-up, media design for fermentation processes, solid substrate fermentation, technology of mammalian and plant cell culture, downstream processing.

 

5.      Enzyme Technology : The nature of enzymes, application of enzymes, genetic engineering and protein engineering of enzymes, technology of enzyme production, immobilized enzymes.

 

6.      Biological Fuel Generation :   Photosynthesis - the ultimate energy resource, sources of biomass, ethanol from biomass, methane from biomass, hydrogen.

 

7.      Single Cell Protein: The need for protein, the acceptability and toxicology of SCP, SCP derived from high energy sources, SCP from wastes, from agricultural crops, from algae, and the economic implications of SCP.

 

8.      Biotechnology and Medicine: Introduction, Pharmaceuticals and bio-pharmaceuticals, Antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, gene therapy.

 

9.      Environmental Biotechnology: Introduction, Microbial ecology / environmental biotechnology, waste water and sewage treatment, landfill technologies, composting, bioremediation, microbes and the geological environment, sustainability.

 

10.  Biotechnology in Agricultural and Forestry Industry: Introduction, plant biotechnology, forestry, biological control, animal biotechnology, and diagnostics in agriculture.

 

11.  Food And Beverage Technology: Introduction, food and beverage fermentation, enzymes and food processing, sweeteners, food waste, miscellaneous microbial derived food products, rapid diagnostics, bioprocess technology, public acceptance and safety of new biotechnology foods.

 

12.  Protection of Biotechnological Inventions: Patent protection, trade secrets.  Plant breeder's rights.

 

13.  Safety In Biotechnology: Introduction, problems of organisms pathogenically, problems of biologically active biotechnology products.

 

14.  Genetic Engineering: Safety, Social, Moral And Ethical Considerations Introduction, release of genetically manipulated organisms to the environment, genetic modifications and food uses, applications of human genetic research.

 

Text / Reference Books

 

1.                  Biotechnology by Smith, Cambridge Press.

2.                  Modern Concepts of Biotechnology by H.D. Kumar, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

3.                  Elements of Biotechnology by P.K. Gupta, Rastogi Publications.

IT – 105          INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

 

  1. Introduction: Overview of computer organization and historical perspective computer applications in various fields of science and management, Data representation: Number systems, character representation codes, Binary, hex, octal codes and their inter conversions. Binary arithmetic, floating point arithmetic, signed and unsigned numbers. Data storage: Primary and Secondary storage. Introduction to various computer devices such as keyboard, mouse, printers, disk files, floppies etc. Concept of computing, contemporary, Operating Systems such as DOS, Windows 95, UNIX etc. (only brief user level description). Introduction to organization and architecture of mainframe, mini and micro systems. Introduction to E-mail, ftp, login and other network services, worldwide web, MS-Office.

 

  1. Introduction to Programming: Concept of algorithms, Flow charts, Example of Algorithms such as how to add ten numbers roots of a quadratic equation.  Concept of sequentially following up the steps of the algorithm, Notion of program, programmability and programming languages.  Structure of programs, object codes, compilers, Introduction to the Editing tools such as vi or MS-VC editors, Concepts of the finite storage, bits, bytes, kilo, mega and gigabytes.  Concepts of character representation.

 

  1. Programming using C: The emphasis should be more on programming techniques rather that the language itself.  The C programming language is being chosen mainly because of the availability of the compilers, books and other reference materials, Example of some simple C program.  Dissection of the program line by line.  Concepts of variables, program statements and function calls from the library (print for example), C data types, int, char, float etc, C expressions, arithmetic operations, relational and logic operations, C assignment statements, extension of assignment to the operations.  C primitive input output using getchar and putchar, exposure to the scanf and printf functions, C statements, conditional executing using if, else.  Optionally switch and break statements may be mentioned, Concepts of loops, example of loops in C using for, while and do-while.  Optionally continue may be mentioned, One dimensional arrays and example of iterative programs using arrays, 2-d arrays.  Use in matrix computations, Concept of Sub-programming, functions.  Example of functions.  Argument passing mainly for the simple variables, Pointers, relationship between arrays and pointers.  Argument passing using pointers.  Array of pointers.  Passing arrays as arguments, Strings and C string library, Structures and Unions.  Defining C structures, passing strings as arguments.  Programming examples, File I/O.  use of fopen, fscanf and fprintf routines.

 

Text / Reference Books

           

1.                  Fundamentals of Computers by V. Raja Raman.

2.                  ‘C’ Language by Brian Gottfried by Schaum Series.

3.                  Introduction to Computers by Leon & Leon.

SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATION

 

L          T          P          S          Credits            Hours

                                                                        16       6           10        0          27                    32

 

BA-128           FOUNDATION COURSE IN PHYSICS - II

 

I. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

 

Electric fields, Gauss' Law, its integral and differential form, applications. Lorentz force, fields due to moving charges, the magnetic field, Ampere's law, motion of a charged particle in an electric and magnetic field, magnetic and electrostatic focussing, Hall effect, determination of e/m by cathode ray tube, positive rays, Thomson's parabolic method, Isotopes, Mass spectrographs (Aston and Bainbridge), Electron microscope, Cyclotron and Betatron. 

 

II. QUANTUM STATISTICS

 

The Statistical distributions: Maxwell Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics, their comparisons, Fermions and Bosons. Applications: Molecular speed and energies in an ideal gas. The Black-body spectrum and failure of calssical statistics to give the correct explanation - the application of Bose-Eientein statistics to the Black-body radiation spectrum, Fermi-Dirac distribution to free electron theory, electron specific heats, Fermi energy and average energy - its significance.

 

III. BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS

 

Origin of energy bands in solids, motion of electrons in a periodic potential- The Kronig-Penny model. Brillouin zones, effective mass Metals. semi-metals. semi-conductors and insulators and their energy band structure. Extrinsic and intrinsic semiconductors, doping - Fermi energy for doped and undoped semiconductors, the p-n junction (energy band diagrams with Fermi energy), the unbiased diode, forward and revesrse biased dides- its characteristics, tunnel diode, zener diode, photo-diode, LED, the photo-voltaic cell, the transistor, its characteristics, common base, common emmiter, common collector, load line, relation between a and b.

 

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

 

Introduction to superconductivity, the Meissner effect, Type I and II superconductors, the Josephson effect, flux quantization, Cooper pais, the BCS theory (qualitative), properties and applications of superconductors.

 

Text / Reference Books

 

1.                  Modern Physics by A. Beiser.

2.                  Optics by A.K. Ghetak

3.                  Modern Physics by Hallday & Resvik.

4.                  Introduction to Physical Optics by Jenkin & White

 

BA – 108         MATHEMATICS - II

 

I           Linear Algebra : Linear Independence and dependence of vectors, Systems of linear equations- consistency and inconsistency. Gauss elimination method, rank of a matrix, Bilinear, Quadratic, Hermitian, Skew-Hermitian Forms, Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a matrix, diagonalization of a matrix, Cayley-Hamilton Theorem (without proof).                                                    

II         Ordinary Differential Equations : Formation of ODE’s, definition of order, degree and solutions.  ODE’s of first order : Method of separation of variables, homogeneous and nonhomogeneous equations, exactness and integrating factors, linear equations and Bernoulli equations.  General linear ODE’s of nth order : solutions of homogenous and nonhomogenous equations, operator method, method of undetermined coefficients and variation of parameters.  Solutions of simple simultaneous ODE’s. Power series method of solution of DE, Legendre’s Equation, Legendre’s Polynomials, Bessel’s equation, Bessel’s function.         

 

III.             Complex Variables : Curves and Regions in the Complex Plane, Complex Functions, Limits, Derivative, Analytic Function, Cauchy-Riemann Equations, Laplace’s Equation, Linear Fractional Transformations, Conformal Mapping, Complex Line Integral, Cauchy’s Integral Theorem, Cauchy’s Integral Formula, Derivatives of Analytic Function, Power Series, Taylor Series, Laurent Series, Methods for obtaining Power Series, Analyticity at Infinity, Zeroes, Singularities, Residues, Residue Theorem, Evaluation of Real Integrals.

 

IV.              Probability : Definition of Sample Space, Event, Event Space, Conditional Probability, Additive and Multiplicative law of Probability, Baye’s Law theorem, Application based on these results.     

 

Text / Reference Books
 
1.                  M.K. Singhal & Asha Singhal “Algebra”, R. Chand & Co.

2.                  Shanti Narayan, “Matrices” S. Chand & Co.

3.                  G.B. Thomas and R.L. Finney, “Calculus and Analytic Geometry” Addison Wesley/Narosa.

4.                  E. Kreyszig, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, 5th Edition, Wiley Eastern Ltd, 1985.

5.                  N.M. Kapoor “Differential Equations” Pitamber Pub. Co.

6.                  Schaum Outline Series “Differential Equations” Mc. Graw Hill.

7.                  Schaum Outline Series “Complex Variables” Mc. Graw Hill.

8.                  Schaum Outline Series “Linear Algebra” Mc. Graw Hill.

9.                  Schaum Outline Series “Probability” Mc. Graw Hill.
BA-132           FOUNDATION COURSE IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - II

 

1.      Reactive intermediates- Generation, structure  and general reactions of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals and carbenes (singlet and triplet).  Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, Electrophiles and nucleophiles, concepts of acids and bases.  Bronsted theory, Lewis theory 1 and Person's Classification (HSAB), Carbon acids (active methyiene groups), super acids, Correlation of structure with acidity and basicity.  Hyperconjugation :  concept and consequences.  Field effect, Resonance effect - Resonance energy and its significance, (vertical and empirical resonance energy), Strains in acyclic compounds.

2.      IUPAC   Nomenclature :  Systematic IUPAC nomenclature of different classes of compounds including aromatic, bicyclic, and spiro compounds and polyfunctional compounds.

3.      Stereochemistry :  Classification of stereomers, diastereoiners, Separation of enantiomers.  Absolute configuration (R and S), Projection formulae.  Stereochemistry of compounds containing two asymmetric C-atoms.  Elements of symmetry - centre, plane, axis of symmetry, Stereochemistry of biphenyls and spiro compounds, Conformations :  Conformations around a C-C bond in acyclic compounds, Structure of cycloalkanes, different.   Strain in cyclic compounds, Cyclohexane conformations, Stereochemistry of disubstituted cyclohexanes.  Geometrical isomerism- Concept, E and Z nomenclature, Stereoselective and specific Reactions.  Introduction to asymmetric synthesis.  Bonds weaker than covalent bond :  Hydrogen bonding - nature, types, stability  and effects, van der Waals forces, Electron-donor acceptor complexes.  Inclusion compounds.

4.      pP - dP  bonding in organic compounds, ylids (S and P), Wittig reaction.

5.      Tautomerism : Cationotropy and anionotropy, Prototropic shifts in different systems, ring-chain tautomerism and valence tautomerism, Cope rearrangement.

6.      Alkanes :  Methods of preparation, Source-petroleum and coal in brief, Cracking and reforming. 

7.      Alkanes :   Methods of preparation.  Reactions: Hydrogenation, oxidation, hydroxylation, addition- Markownikoff rule with explanation and peroxide effect.  Dienes - types of dienes and their characteristic reactions, effect of conjugation on stability and reactivity, Diels-alder reaction in detail with its stereochemistry.  Polymerisation of olefinic compounds, Use and mechanism of Ziegler-Natta catalysts, Hydroboration reaction, Claisen rearrangement.

 

Text / Reference Books

 

1.                  Modern Organic Chemistry by D.R. Boyed.

2.                  Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar.

3.                  Organic Chemistry Reaction Mechanism by Jerry March.

 
BA – 122         LIFE SCIENCES - II

 

1.      Coordination and control: Plant movements (Tactic, Tropic, Nastic), plant growth substances (Auxins, Cytokinins, Gibberellins, ABA, Ethylene),  phytochrome and effect of light on plant development, vernalisation and flowering. Nervous system, parts of the nervous system, sensory receptors, structure and function of receptors, Endocrine system, role of hormones in growth and development of humans.

 

2.      Homeostasis: Control system in biology, control of blood glucose level, temperature regulation in endothermic animals, the liver and its importance.

 

3.      Reproduction - Asexual Reproduction: Apomixis, and other means of natural vegetative reproduction (Bulb, corm, rhizome, stolon, runner, tuber, tap roots, tillers), advantages and disadvantages of natural asexual reproduction.  Artificial propagation - cutting, grafting, budding, layering, micropropagaion through tissue culture, advantages and disadvantages of micropropagation.

Sexual reproduction: Life cycle of flowering plants, the parts of a flower (Dicot and monocot), microsporogenesis, in-vitro pollen culture, microgametogenesis, isolation of sperms, palynology, scope of palynology, development of ovule, types of ovule, megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, embryosac, function of different cells of embryosac, pollination types of pollination, pollen-pistil interaction, self incompatibility, fertilization, double fertilization, post fertilization changes in ovule and embryo, seed formation, structure of seed and its importance.

Review of sexual reproduction in vertebrates, human intervention in reproduction.

 

4.      Continuity of life: Chromosome, cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis, techniques to study mitosis and meiosis.

 

5.      Heredity and Variation: Mendel's work, chromosomal basis of inheritance, modified dihybrid ratios, gene interaction, linkage, gene mapping, sex determination, cytoplasmic inheritance, variation and mutation.

 

6.      Economically Important Plants : Cereals (wheat, rice maize), Beverages (tea, coffee, cocoa), Fibers (jute, linen, cotton), wood (pines, cedar, teak, sisham), rubber (para rubber), spices (turmeric, black pepper, cloves, coriander), medicinal plants (Ephedra, Taxus, Cinchona, Fox glove, Belladonna, Rauvolfia, Neem, Hemp.)

 

BT- 124           CELL & DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGY - I

 

1.         The Cell Nucleus: Chromosomal DNA and its Packaging, The Global Structure of Chromosomes, Chromosome Replication, RNA Synthesis and RNA Processing, The Organization and Evolution of the Nuclear Genome.

 

2.         Membrane Structure: The Lipid Bilayer, Membrane Proteins

 

3.         Membrane Transport of Small Molecules and the Ionic Basis of Membrane Excitability: Principles of Membrane Transport, Carrier Proteins and Active Membrane Transport, Ion channels and Electrical Properties of Membranes

 

4.         Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting: The Compartmentalization of Higher Cells, The Transport of Molecules into and out of the Nucleus, The Transport of Proteins into Mitochondria and Chloroplasts, Peroxisomes, The endoplasmic Reticulum.

 

5.         Vesicular Traffic in the Secretary and Endocytic Pathways: Transport from the ER through the Golgi Apparatus, Transport from the Trans Golgi Network to Lysosomes, Transport from the Plasma Membrane via Endosome: Endocytosis, The Molecular Mechanisms of Vesicular Transport and the Maintenance of Compartmental Diversity.

 

6.         Cell Signaling: General Principles of Cell Signaling, Signaling via G-Protein-linked Cell-Surface Receptors, Signaling via Enzyme-linked Cell-Surface Receptors, Target-Cell Adaptation, The Logic of Intracellular Signaling: Lessons from Computer-based  "Neural Networks".

 

7.         Cytoskeleton: The Nature of the Cytoskeleton, Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules, Cilia and Centrioles, Actin Filaments, Actin-binding Proteins, Muscle.

 

8.         Cell -Division cycle: The General Strategy of the cell Cycle, The Early Embryonic Cell Cycle and the Role of MPF, Yeasts and the Molecular Genetics of Cell- Cycle control, Cell-division Controls in Multicellular Animals.

 

9.         The Mechanics of Cell Division : An Overview of M Phase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis.

 

10.       Cell Junctions, Cell Adhesion, and the Extracellular Matrix : Cell Junctions, Cell-Cell Adhesion, The Extracellular Matrix of Animals, Extracellular Matrix Receptors on Animal Cells   :  the Integrins, The Plant Cell Wall

 

11.       Germ Cells and Fertilizations : The Benefits of Sex, Meisosis, Eggs, Sperm, Fertilization

 

12.       Cellular Mechanisms of Development: Morphogenetic Movements and the shaping of the Body Plan, Cell Diversification in the Early Animal Embryo, Cell Memory, Cell Determination, and the Concept of Positional Values, The Nematode Worm  :  Developmental Control Genes and the Rules of Cell Behaviour, Drosophila and the Molecular Genetics of Pattern Formation I. Genesis of the Body Plan, Drosophila and the Molecular Genetics of Pattern formation II. Homeotic Selector Genes and the Patterning of Body Parts, Plant Development, Neural Development

 

13.       Differentiated Cells and Maintenance of Tissues: Maintenance of the Differentiated State, Tissues with Permanent Cells, Renewal by Simple Duplication, Renewal by Pluripotent Stem Cells  :  Blood Cell Formation, Genesis, Modulation, and Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle, Fibroblasts and their Transformations   :  The Connective-Tissue Cell Family

 

14.       Cancer:  Cancer as a Microevolutionary Process, The Molecular Genetics of Cancer

 

Text / Reference Books
 
1.                  Molecular Biology of Cell by Albert et.al. Wiley.

2.                  Molecular Cell by Cooper.

3.                  Molecular Cell by Karp.

 

 

 
IT – 120          ELECTRICAL SCIENCE

 

1.                  Properties of Conductors and Insulators : Basic laws of Electrical Engineering, Temperature Resistance Coefficients

 

2.                  D. C. Circuits : Network theorems and applications, Division of Current, Potentiometer, Circuit parameters, Energy and power, Superposition, Thevenin and Reciprocity theorems, Star Delta Formations

 

3.                  Alternating Currents : Peak, Average and RMS values for alternating currents, Power and Power factor , Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance, Resonance, Q Factor.

 

4.                  Measuring Instruments : Electromagnetism, Moving Coli and Moving Iron, Instruments, Construction Instruments, Attraction and Repulsion type, Permanent Magnet and Eletrodynamics, Dynamometer type.

 

5.                  D. C. Generators & Motors : Principle of operation of Generators & Motors, Speed Control of shunt motors, Flux control, Rheostatic control, voltage control, Speed control of series motors.

 

6.                  A. C. Generators & Motors : Principle of operation, Revolving Magnetic field, Squirrel cage and phase wound rotor, Starting of Induction motors, Direct on line and Star Delta starters, Synchronous machines.

 

7.                  Transformers: Construction, Regulation and efficiency calculations, Open and short circuit tests.

 

Text / Reference Books
 
1.                  Electrical Engineering Fundamentals by Vincent DEL TURU.
2.         HUGHES, Electrical Technology.
BA-156           PHYSICS - II   LABORATORY

 

1.                  To determine the value of a given low resistance using a Carey-Foster bridge.

 

2.                  To measure the given high resistance by leakage method.

 

3.                  To determine the specific rotation of sugar using Laurent's half shade polarimeter.

 

4.                  To determine the resistivity of a semiconductor using four probe.

 

5.                  To determine temperature coefficient of resistance usingplatinum resistance thermometer and Carey foster bridge.

 

6.                  To calibrate the given voltmeter and ammeter using students potentiometer.

 

7.                  To determine e/m by J.J. Thomson's method.

 

8.                  To measure voltages and frequencies of AC waveform from a function generator using CRO, formation of Lissajos figure.

 

9.                  To determine thermal conductivity using Lee's method.

 

10.              Study of LCR Circuit:

 

(a)                To determine a univalent power loss resistance of an inductor.

(b)               To analyse LR and RC circuits.

(c)                To study the phase relationship in series LCR circuit.

(d)               To find the value of an inductor using an oscilloscope.

 

11.              Phase measurements by Superposition:

 

(a)                To study the relative phases of voltages across the resistors and capacitors in series.

(b)               To study phase relationship between VR and VC in simple and complex RC circuits.

(c)                To study phase relationship between VL and VR in an LR circuit.

(d)               To study phase relationships amongst the various voltages in an LCR circuit.

(e)                To measure the phase of the voltage across two given points in a complex network.

 

12.       Study of Electromagnetic induction:

 

(a)                To study the e.m.f. induced as a function of the velocity of the magnet.

(b)               To study the charge delivered due to induction.

(c)                To study electromagnetic damping.

 

BA-166           CHEMISTRY - II  LABORATORY

 

1.      Systematic qualitative analysis of organic compounds through, solubility elemental analysis, group detection and physical constant of organic compounds.

 

2.      Purification of organic compounds by crystallization, sublimation, and distillation.

 

3.      Estimation of Nitrogen by Kheldhal Method.

 

4.      Determination of viscosity and surface tension.

 

5.      Optical rotation of Glucose.

 

6.      Model formation of organic compounds.

 

 
BT-164            CELL BIOLOGY LAB

 

 

1.                  Examination of cells  -  plant, animal and microbial.

 

2.                  Examination of tissues  -  epithelial tissue, connective tissue, epidermis, parenchyma, chlorenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma.

 

3.                  Water potential, solute potential.

 

4.                  Karyotyping, banding patterns.

 

5.                  Haematopoetic stem cells differentiation.

 

6.                  Cell growth and differentiation.

 
IT-166             ELECTRICAL SCIENCE LAB

 

 

1.                  Verfication of Thevnin's theorem/Superposition theorem.

 

2.                  Phasor Diagram and power factor of LCR circuit.

 

3.                  Measurement of Power and Power factor in three phase Load three ammeters/voltmeters.

 

4.                  Caliberation of Energy Meter / Watt meter / Voltmeter / Ammeter.

 

5.                  Two wattmeter method of measuring power in three phase circuit (resistive load only).

 

6.                  Load test on Single Phase Transformer Regulation and Efficiency of Transformer.

 

7.                  To measure the armature and field resistance of a D.C. Machine.

 

8.                  Connection and starting of a Three Phase Induction Motor using direct on line or Star Delta starter.

 

9.                  Starting and Speed Control of a DC shunt motor.

 

THIRD SEMESTER EXAMINATION

 

L          T          P          S          Credits            Hours

                                                                        13        5          14        0          26                    32

 

 

BT-201            MICROBES

 

Fundamentals of Microbiology.  The Microbial World and You.  Modern development in Microbiology.  Classification of microorganisms.  The diversity of Microorganisms.  Microbes and human Welfare.  Observing Microorganisms through a Microscope.  Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.  Microbial Metabolism.  Microbial Growth.  The Control of Microbial Growth.  Microbial Genetics.  Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology.  A survey of the Microbial World.  Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and multicellular parasites.  Viruses.  Interaction between Microbe and Host.  Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity.  Antimicrobial Drugs. 

 

Text / Reference Books

1.      Microbiology:  Davis, Dulbecco, Eisen and Ginsburg.

 

2.      Introduction to Microbiology:  Ross

 

3.      Microbiology:  An Introduction: Tortora, Funke & Case.

 

4.      General Microbiology:  Stainier, Adelberq and Ingraham.

 

 

 
BA-203           BIOENERGETICS - I

 

1.                  Biochemical Evolution: Chemogeny, Biogeny, and Evolution of Chromosome Organization and Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms, Time factors in evolution, Evolution of Enzyme Systems.

 

2.                  Amino Acids and Peptides: Structure, Function, Methods of Characterization, Separation Techniques based on their structure and properties, Clinical Significance, Biosynthesis. 

 

3.                  Carbohydrates: Mono and Polysaccharide, Classification, Structure, Function, Separation and Characterization Techniques, Clinical significance, Biosynthesis.

 

4.                  Lipids: Classification, Structure, Function, Separation and Characterization Techniques, Clinical Significance.

 

5.                  Nucleic Acids: Nucleic Acids and Polynucleotides, Classification, Structure, Function, Separation and Characterization Techniques, Clinical Significance.

 

6.                  Vitamins and Micro and Macro Nutrients: classification, Structure, Function, Separation and Characterization Techniques, Clinical Significance.

 

7.                  Biochemical Energetics: Energy Yielding and Energy Requiring Reactions, Calculations of Equilibrium Concentrations, Oxidation-Reduction Reactions, Metabolism and ATP Yield. Photosynthetic Phosphorylation, Active Transport, Second Law of Thermodynamics, Enthalpy and Entropy, Activation Energy.

 

8.                  Spectrophotometry and other Optical methods: Spectrophotometry, Flurometry, Optical Rotation - Polarimetry, Photochemistry, and Quantum efficiency.

 

Text / Reference Books
 
1.                  Biochemistry by Lubert Stryer.

2.                  Biochemistry by Lehminger.

3.                  Biochemistry by Zubey.
BT- 205     CELL & DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGY - II

 

1.      An Introduction to Animal Development: The scope of developmental biology. The problems of developmental biology. The stages of animal development, Our eukaryotic heritage, Development among the unicellular eukaryotes, Colonial eukaryotes: The evolution of differentiation, Developmental patterns among the metazoans.

 

2.      Fertilization: Beginning A New Organism: Structure of the gametes, Recognition of egg and sperm: Action at a distance, Gamete fusion and prevention of polyspermy, Activation of egg metabolism, Rearrangement of egg cytoplasm.

 

3.      Cleavage: Creating Multicellularity: Radial holoblastic cleavage, Spiral holoblastic cleavage, Rotational holoblastic cleavage, Meroblastic cleavage, Regulating the cleavage cycle. The cytoskeletal mechanisms of mitosis, The formation of new membranes.

 

4.      Gastrulation: Reorganizing The Embryonic Cell: Sea urchin gastrulation, Gastrulation in fish, Amphibian gastrulation, Gastrulation in birds, Gastrulation in mammals.

 

5.      Early Vertebrate Development: Neurulation and the Ectoderm

 

6.      Neurulation: An overview, Primary neurulation, Secondary neurulation, Differentiation of the neural tube, Neuronal types, Development of the vertebrate eye, The neural crest and its derivatives, The trunk neural crest, The development potency of trunk neural crest, The cephalic neural crest, The cardiac neural crest, Coda.

 

7.      Axonal Specificity: The generation of neuronal diversity, Pattern formation in the nervous system, Pathway selection: Guidance by the extracellular matrix, Pathway selection: Guidance by diffusible molecules, Multiple guidance cues, Target selection, Address selection: Activity-dependent, Differential survival after innervation: Neurotrophic factors, The development of behaviors: Constancy and plasticity.

 

8.      Early Vertebrate Development: Mesoderm and Endoderm: Dorsal mesoderm: The notochord and the differentiation of somites

 

9.      Lateral plate mesoderm, The development of blood cells, Pharynx, The digestive tube and its derivatives.

 

10.  Autonomous Cell Specification By Cytoplasmic Determinants: Cell commitment and differentiation, Preformation and epigenesis, Autonomous specification in tunicate embryos, Cytoplasmic localization in mollusc embryos, Cell specification in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Asymmetrical cell divisions in later development, Cytoplasmic localization of germ cell determinants, Coda.

 

11.  The Genetics of Axis Specification in Drosophila: A summary of Drosophila development, Overview, The maternal effect genes. The segmentation genes, The homeotic selector genes, Dorsal protein: Morphogen for dorsal-ventral polarity, Providing the asymmetrical signal for Dorsal protein translocation, The cartesian coordinate model and the specification of organ primordia, Coda:   Some principles of Drosophila development.

 

12.  Specification of Cell Fate by Progressive Cell-Cell Interactions: Regulative development, Testing the germ plasm theory, Regulation during amphibian development, The Nieuwkoop center, The molecular basis of mesoderm induction, the Functioning of the Nieuwkoop Center: Roles for Vg1 and Noggin.

 

13.  The creation of organizer activity, The regional specificity of induction, Competence and inductive cascades.

 

14.  Establishment of Body Axes in Mammals and Birds: Initiating the anterior-posterior axis, Specifying the mammalian anterior-posterior axis: The Hox code hypothesis, Dorsal-ventral and left-right axes in mammals and birds

 

15.  Proximate Tissue Interactions: Secondary Induction Instructive and permissive interactions, Competence and receptors. Paracrine factors, Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, Cascades of embryonic induction: Lens induction, Formation of parenchymal organs, Mechanisms of branching in the formation of parenchymal organs, Induction at the single-cell level.

 

16.  Development of the Tetrapod Limb: Pattern formation in the limb, Formation of the limb bud, Generation of the proximal distal axis of the limb, Specification of the limb anterior-posterior axis. The generation of the dorsal-ventral axis, Distinguishing the forelimb form the hindlimb, Cell death and the formation of the digits.

 

17.  Cell Interactions at a Distance: Hormones as Mediators of Development: Metamorphosis: The hormonal directing of development. Amphibian metamorphosis, Metamorphosis in insects, Multiple hormonal interactions in mammary gland development.

 

18.  Sex Determination: Chromosomal sex determination in mammals, Mammalian primary sex determination: Y-chromosomal genes for testis determination, Mammalian primary sex determination: Ovary development, Secondary sex determination in mammals, Chromosomal sex determination in Drosophila, Hermaphroditism, Environmental sex determination, Coda.

 

19.  Environmental Regulation of Animal Development: Environmental cues used by organisms to complete their development, Predictable environmental differences as cues for development, Phenotypic plasticity: Polyphenism and reaction norms, Unpredictable environmental factors controlling animal development, The continuing plasticity of development. Malformations and disruptions, Teratogenic agents., Genetic-environmental interactions, Coda.

 

20.  The Saga of the Germ Line: Germ cell migration, Meiosis, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis,

 

21.  Developmental Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change: "Unity of Type" and "conditions of Existence", The evolution of early development: E. Pluribis, Modularity: The prerequisite for changing evolution through development, Developmental constraints, The developmental genetic mechanisms of evolutionary change: Homologous regulatory genes, Homologous pathways of development, Creating new cell types: The basic evolutionary mystery, A new evolutionary synthesis.

 

Text /Reference Book:

 

1.                  Developmental Biology, by Scott F. Gilbert (1997), Sinauer Associates, Inc.
BT-209            GENETICS

 

1.      Genetics and The Organism: Genetics and Human Affairs, Genetics and Biology, Genes and Environment, Techniques of Genetics Analysis.

 

2.      Mendelian Analysis: Mendel's Experiments, simple Mendelian genetics in Humans, Simple Mendelian Genetics in Agriculture, Variants and Genetic dissection.

 

3.      Chromosome Theory of Inheritance: Mitosis and Meiosis, The chromosome Theory of Heredity,  Sex Chromosomes and Sex Linkage, The Parallel Behavior of Autosomal Genes and Chromosomes,   Mendelian Genetics and Life Cycles.

 

4.      Extensions of Mendelian Analysis: Variations on Dominance, Multiple Alleles, Lethal Alleles, Several Genes Affecting the Same Character, Penetrance and Expressivity.

 

5.      Linkage I: Basic Eukaryotic Chromosome Mapping: The Discovery of Linkage, Recombination, Linkage Symbolism, Linkage of Genes on the X Chromosome, Linkage maps, Three-Point Testcross, Interference, Calculating Recombinant Frequencies form Selfed Dihybrids, Examples of Linkage Maps, The X2 Test, The Nature of Crossing-Over, Linkage Mapping by Recombination in Humans.

 

6.      Linkage II: Special Eukaryotic Chromosome Mapping Techniques: Accurate Calculation of Large Map distances, Analysis of Single Meioses, Mitotic Segregation and Recombination.

 

7.      Gene Mutation: Somatic versus germinal Mutation,  Mutant Types, The Occurrence of Mutations,  Selective Systems,  utation Induction., Chromosome Mutation, Changes in Chromosome Structure.  Mutation and Cancer, Mutagens in Genetic Dissection, Mutation breeding.

 

8.      Recombination in Bacteria And Their Viruses: Conjugation, Recombination and Mapping the E. coli chromosome, transformation, Bacteriophage Genetics, transduction, chromosome Mapping, bacterial Gene transfer.

 

9.      The Structure, Nature and Function of DNA: The Genetic Material, The Structure of DNA, Replication of DNA, How Genes work, Gene-Protein Relationships, Mutational sites, Complementation, Transcription, Translation, The Genetic Code, Protein Synthesis, Universality of Genetic Information.

 

10.  Introduction to Recombinant DNA Technology and its applications

 

11.  The Structure And Function of Eukaryotic Chromosomes: Genome Size in Eukaryotes, One DNA Molecule per Chromosome, The Role of Histone Proteins in Packaging DNA, Higher-Order Coiling, Heterochromatin and Euchromatin, Chromosome Bands, Centromeric DNA, Sequence Organization, Replication and Transcription of chromatin.  Introduction to Genomics.

 

12.  Mechanisms of Genetic Change: Gene Mutation, The Molecular Basis of Gene Mutations, Spontaneous Mutations, Induced Mutations, Reversion Analysis, The Relationship between Mutagens and Carcinogens, Repair Defects and Human Diseases, recombination, transposable genetic elements.

13.  The Extranuclear Genome: Extranuclear Inheritance in Higher Plants.  Overview of the Mitochondrial Genome,  An Overview of the Chloroplast Genome.

 

14.  Population Genetics: Darwin's Revolution, Variation and Its Modulation, The Effect of Sexual Reproduction on Variation, The Sources of Variation, Selection, balanced Polymorphism, Quantitative genetics.

 

15    Principles of Plant Breeding: Objectives, Selfing and Crossing Techniques.  Male sterility, incompatibility, Hybrid vigour

 

Text / Reference Book :

 

1.      In Introduction to genetic analysis, Griffiths, Miller, Suzuki, Lewontin and

2.      Gelbart, Freeman and Company.

3.      Genetics, A.V.S.S. Sambamurty, Narosa Publishing House.

4.      Concepts of Genetics, Klug & Cummings, Prientice Hall.

5.      Molecular Cloning, Moniatisetal, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

 

 

CT-211            CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

 

1.                  Chemical engineering discipline, structure and practice.

 

2.                  Stoichiometry and chemical equations.  Units, dimensions and conversions.  Phase rule, Henry’s law, Rault’s law and their applications to gas-liquid and vapor-liquid systems.

 

3.                  Material balance for non-reacting and reacting systems, recycle and by pass.

 

4.                  Heats of solution, mixing and reactions.  Types of energy and first law of thermodynamics.

 

5.                  Energy balance for non-reacting and reacting systems.  Calculation of flame temperature and adiabatic reaction temperature.

 

6.                  Properties of fluids & fluid statics.  Mechanical energy balance.

 

7.                  Flow of incompressible fluids: laminar and turbulent flows, velocity distribution in pipes, pressure drop in pipes and fittings.

 

8.                  Stokes law and its applications.

 

9.                  Flow in packed beds.

 

10.              Flow measurement: Orifice & Venturi meter. Pumps and their characteristics.

 

Text / Reference Books

 

1.                  Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, McCabe W.L., Smith J.C. and Harriott P., McGraw Hill International Edition, Singapore, 5th Ed., 1993.

2.                  Chemical Engineering, Vol. 1, Coulson J.M. and Richardson J.F., Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford 6th Ed., 1999

3.                  Fluid Mechanics, Douglas J.F., Gasiorek J.M., Swaffield J.A., Addison-Wesley Longman, 3rd Ed., 1995.

4.                  Basic Principles of Calculations in Chemical Engineering, Himmelblau D.M., Prentice Hall, 6th Ed., 1999.

5.                  Elementary Prnciples of Chemical Processes, Felder R.M. and Rousseau R.W., John Wiley & sons, Inc., 3rd Ed., 2000.

 

 

 

 

 

 

FOURTH SEMESTER EXAMINATION

 

L          T          P          S          Credits            Hours

                                                                        14       5          13        0          26                    32

 

 

BT-202            IMMUNOLOGY

 

1.                  Basic Immunology: - Types of immunity- innate, acquired, active and passive, antigen- antibody reactions, elements of immune system: T-cells, B-cells, antigen presenting cells, cell mediated subset of T-cells, helper and suppressor cells, cell mediated and humor immunity, antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, natural killer cells.

 

2.                  Advanced Immunology: - cellular and molecular aspects: - nature of antigens, antibody structure, function and diversity, T- cell receptors, cell activation, complement system, major histo-compatibility complex (MHC), MHC restriction, antigen presentation, lymphokines, regulation of immune response, immunological tolerance.

 

3.                  Immunological Techniques :- Immuno diffusion, immunoelectro- phoresis, ELISA,  RIA, fluorescence activated cell sorter,

 

4.                  Advanced Concepts and Topics :-  Synthetic vaccines, autoimmunity, hyper-sensitivity, tumor immunity, tissue and organ transplant, ideotype network hypothesis, epitope mapping.

 

5.                  Hybridoma technology: - Fusion of myeloma cells with lymphocytes, production of monoclonal antibodies and their application.

 

Text / Reference books:

 

1.                  Kuby- Immunology (4th Edition) by R. A. Goldsby, T.J. Kindt, B.A. Osborne.

 

2.                  Essentials of Immunology (6th Edition): Ivan Riot- Blakswell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988.

 

3.                  Fundamentals of Immunology: Paul W.E. (Eds.)  Raven Press, New York, 1988.

 

4.                  Antibodies A laboratory Manual: Harlow and David Lane (1988), Old spring harbor laboratory.  


BT-204            MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 

1.                  Introduction and concepts in Molecular Biology

 

2.                  Macromolecules : Major classes, chemical structure, isolation and characterization

 

3.                  Understanding the macromolecules: Structure of nucleic acids, proteins.

 

4.                  Anatomy of Eukaryotic genome: Eukaryotic nuclear genomes, packaging of DNA into chromosomes.  The special features of metaphase chromosomes, Unusual chromosome types, pseudogenes and other gene relies, Eukaryotic organelle genomes, physical features and genetic content of organelle genomes.

 

5.                  Anatomy of Prokaryotic genome: Physical structure, genetic organization, Operons.

6.                  Genome functioning: The Repetitive DNA content of genomes.  Tenderly repeated DNA, DNA transposons.

 

7.                  The Role of DNA binding proteins: Methods for studying  DNA-binding proteins, interactions between DNA and DNA binding proteins, RNA-binding motifs, contacts between DNA and proteins.

 

8.                  Genome replication :  The issues relevant to genome replication, the topological problem, Watson-crick scheme of DNA replication, variations in semi-conservative theme, DNA topoisomerase. The replication process, Initiation, initiation and termination of replication, the diverse functions of topoisomerase, Regulation of Eukaryotic genome replication..

 

9.                  Gene expression: Accessing the gemome, effects of chromatin packaging on eukaryotic gene expression, Heterochromatin, euchromatin and chromatin loops, structural and functional domains, nucleosome positioning, DNA methylation and gene expression, Transcription in mitochondria and chloroplast, regulation of RNA poI Initiation, control of transcription.